To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Sulfuric acid displays all the reactions characteristic of a strong acid. Metals which are above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to produce a salt and hydrogen. This reaction is more appropriately described as an equilibrium: \[ HSO_4^- (aq) + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]. Can you still use Commanders Strike if the only attack available to forego is an attack against an ally? It continues the trend of the highest oxides of the Period 3 elements towards being stronger acids. Explanation: What is the chemical equation when magnesium reacts with dilute? an'UNlh&A7Z%'4B 9#&yP;e\=9S/KqoJ=.Kk.z,. Notice that a solution, and not a precipitate, is formed, implying that magnesium sulfate is soluble. note the key here is DILUTE sulphuric acid to yield the weak redox products. endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 122 0 R /Resources 5 0 R /Contents 6 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 5 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT4 134 0 R /TT6 131 0 R /TT10 77 0 R /TT12 78 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 158 0 R >> >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 2062 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream This reaction runs essentially to completion: \[ H_2SO_4 (aq) + H_2O (l) \rightarrow H_3P^+ + HSO_4^- (aq)\]. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. % In any case, stir like mad, wear goggles and gloves. Silicon is too similar in electronegativity to oxygen to form ionic bonds. One version of an iron-oxygen hand-warmer advertises that it is designed to stay warm for up to four hours. Bubbling sulfur dioxide through sodium hydroxide solution first forms sodium sulfite solution, followed by sodium hydrogen sulfite solution if the sulfur dioxide is in excess. by Wagman, et al. sulfuric acid is an irritant. The more reactive the metal, the more rapid the reaction is. Magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to formmagnesium Here is the extent of dissociation of HCl, for which I happen to have the data. The fixed amount of precipitate is taken as the amount needed to obscure a cross on paper. The oxidizing power of concentrated sulfuric acid, forming sulfur dioxide and water when it reacts, could be greater than that of the aqueous hydrogen ions; if so, then thermodynamically some noble metals could react with concentrated sulfuric acid. This page discusses the reactions of the oxides of Period 3 elements (sodium to chlorine) with water, and with acids or bases where relevant (as before, argon is omitted because it does not form an oxide). %PDF-1.3 % Regards, Tags: acid Use your understanding of the term rate of reaction to explain why it is possible to use a simplified formula 1/t as a measure of the rate of this reaction. What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? Sometimes it combines with them easily at room temperature. K5wFk1zwZFfb=Wj1l)gEmfg~M/;`'sD:0k?-pq$*P5Fnuv]N\bl0kr67Evc;5\P;:9_/[k~~Tuf [4Zv(lzbc89f[SvOJ_hmaadi (u2sQmZ6huA\ K'z magnes ium + sulfuric acid magnesium sulfate + hydrogen. Magnesium is the fastest and lead is the slowest of the six. iron) and non-metals (e.g. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 2 Warm the acid. Lowers Ea The structure of chloric(I) acid is exactly as shown by its formula, HOCl. Heat energy is then released when the sodium thiosulfate crystallises. If the salt is CaCl 2, heat is released to produce a solution with a temperature of about 90C; hence the product is The following reactions concern the more reactive forms of the molecule. Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O ", you asked whether the heat comes only from the first reaction. Web13Dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed between inert electrodes. Reaction with water: Silicon dioxide does not react with water, due to the thermodynamic difficulty of breaking up its network covalent structure. Chloric(VII) acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form a solution of sodium chlorate(VII): \[ NaOH + HClO_4 \rightarrow NaClO_4 + H2O\]. Assume that 22.4L22.4 \mathrm{~L}22.4L is the volume of 1 mole (6.021023\left(6.02 \cdot 10^{23}\right. Catalyst . (Mg =24.0; Molar It has reactions as both a base and an acid. Variables. and therefore only heat is released by the first reaction? You really do have more free protons running around than you have H2O to react with them so your reaction is really protonating the limited amount of water: H+ + H2O = H3O+ in excess H+, or you can consider it as hydrating anhydrous H2SO4: H2SO4 + H2O = H2SO4:H2O. It is basic because it contains the oxide ion, O2-, which is a very strong base with a high tendency to combine with hydrogen ions. WebDilute sulphuric acid can react with silver. What are the purposes of step 3 and step 4? steel is good for up to 25C 60-95% sulfuric acid) but there the trans-passive region where metals such as iron no longer have a protective layer. When a flame is placed at the mouth of the test tube, the gas burns with a squeaky The dilute acid has most of the properties of common strong acids. 4 Filter the mixture. The first entry, a PDF from a lab at DePauw University, shows that if you were to dilute concentrated H2SO4 "to infinite dilution" (concentration becomes very dilute but we also assume that all the heat raises temperature of the acid only), your temperature could go up ~50C. The equation is as follows: Metal + Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen + Metal Chloride . Counting and finding real solutions of an equation, Simple deform modifier is deforming my object, Extracting arguments from a list of function calls, Understanding the probability of measurement w.r.t. Reaction of Zinc with dilute sulphidic acidic: Zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas are formed when silver reacts with dilute nitrogen sourly. State two differences between these reactions. Heated magnesium ribbon reacts with steam. It's not them. A colourless solution is formed and a gas is given off. Neutral chloric(VII) acid has the following structure: When the chlorate(VII) ion (perchlorate ion) forms by loss of a proton (in a reaction with water, for example), the charge is delocalized over every oxygen atom in the ion. Therefore, there are two possible reactions with a base like sodium hydroxide, depending on the amount of base added: \[ NaOH + H_3PO_3 \rightarrow NaH_2PO_3 + H_2O\], \[ 2NaOH + H_3PO_3 \rightarrow Na_2HPO_3 + 2H_2O\]. WebWhen 0.048g of magnesium was reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature and pressure, #50 cm^3# of hydrogen gas was collected. This species only exists in solution, and any attempt to isolate it gives off sulfur dioxide. A reasonably concentrated solution of sulfurous acid has a pH of about 1. This is possible because the electronegativity difference between aluminum and oxygen is small, unlike the difference between sodium and oxygen, for example (electronegativity increases across a period). Identify a catalyst and name the organic product of the reaction. Parabolic, suborbital and ballistic trajectories all follow elliptic paths. Yes, it does! Reaction with acids: Aluminum oxide contains oxide ions, and thus reacts with acids in the same way sodium or magnesium oxides do. In the second case (using twice as much sodium hydroxide), both protons react. This is an exothermic and a single replacement reaction - Mg is more reactive than Hydrogen and so it replaces the hydrogen from the acid. How does magnesium sulfate react with sulfuric acid? You can't do that here. Sulfuric acid is stronger than sulfurous acid because when a hydrogen ion is lost from one of the -OH groups on sulfuric acid, the negative charge left on the oxygen is spread out (delocalized) over the ion by interacting with the doubly-bonded oxygen atoms. Barium sulfate exists as a white precipitate in solution. x|eq%V/'6a?la[D_:~(w2/cdv02&&& ^7,Lo>?>c<>_?y|W?O?_}/~_}%]._>x7?|_?|o?%^>_o~|7_?>|Y7_}_]w{=ffzWN?7?^_~cC?~?_b?O~+?_//,6_~|'?/}\TZ_>}/->V3W2zG5cVsk ?z{JwkbWr9?]-Zy};,}lUY/O| ~y6jRJ"#P^YawM~o|on1yn"f(^/B>|3e|oG/N. MgO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) : MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) A student is provided with a beaker of dilute sulfuric acid. As in sulfuric acid, the pH of typical solutions of perchloric acid are around 0. Magnesium is oxidized to magnesium sulphate, while sulphuric acid is reduced to sulphur dioxide 5 0 obj 7. Magnesium sulfate is soluble and calcium sulfate is insoluble / slightly soluble / magnesium sulfate is more soluble / calcium sulfate is less soluble / correct trend in solubility; A student calculated that a value for the enthalpy change of neutralisation is -51.2 kJ mol-1 . Name of organic product .. Catalyst :(Conc) H3PO4 OR (Conc) H2SO4 6 Leave the filtrate to cool. And you are only putting in a little water and the water might boil. Container splitting AND releasing irritant / corrosive chemicals. Plan an investigation to find the accurate volume of hydrogen produced from magnesium. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. M1 Twice as many / double number of particles; Equal lengths of magnesium ribbon were added to 3 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid and to 3 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid. 4 The acid becomes more concentrated. what is observed when dilute sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium web chemical reaction sodium carbonate na 2 co 3 reacts with an acid i e sulphuric acid h 2 so 4 to give salt along with carbon dioxide and water brisk effervescence is observed indicating the WebWhen heated, the pure acid partially decomposes into water and sulfur trioxide; the latter escapes as a vapour until the concentration of the acid falls to 98.3 percent. Legal. This mixture of sulfuric acid and water boils at a constant temperature of 338 C (640 F) at one atmosphere pressure. Because of the higher charge on the metal, more energy is required to break this association. \[Al_2O_3 + 6HCl \rightarrow 2AlCl_3 + 3H_2O\]. WebIncrease the temperature of the reaction. If you only have to calculate it, Google "heat of dissolution of concentrated sulfuric acid". I am a I am a More Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask which is connected to an inverted measuring cylinder in a trough of water. The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured over a few minutes, and the results are used to plot a graph This is intended as a class practical. Concentrated sulfuric acid and magnesium metal would produce a much stronger redox reaction. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. react safely with dilute acid. and therefore only heat is released by the first reaction? The reaction of pure calcium with an excess of dilute sulfuric acid is very rapid initially. Pure magnesium reacts completely with an excess of dilute sulfuric acid. (1 mark), The measured change / amount (of precipitate) / cloudiness is fixed or constant or unchanged. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Buy SSD Solution Chemical in Oman Information on how to get SSD Solution Chemical in Oman. This reaction slows down and stops before all of the calcium has reacted. The reaction of pure calcium with an excess of dilute sulfuric acid is very rapid initially. Na2O + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O Magnesium oxide Magnesium oxide is another simple basic oxide, which also contains oxide ions. When a metal reacts with an acid it give salt of the metal with evolution of hydrogen gas. These aerosols can then reform into sulfur dioxide (SO2), a constituent of acid rain, though volcanic activity is a relatively minor contributor to acid rainfall. ome magnesium hydroxide is formed in the reaction, but as the species is almost insoluble, few hydroxide ions actually dissolve. For example, the ionic equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid is: 2H+(aq) + Mg (s) Mg2+(aq) + (b) Some magnesium powder is added to dilute sulfuric acid in a test tube. I have ascertained that concentrated sulfuric acid has quite strong oxidizing properties. The protonated acid has the following structure: Sulfurous acid is also a relatively weak acid, with a pKa of around 1.8, but slightly stronger than the two phosphorus-containing acids above. Advertisement Answer 10 people found it helpful anu78940 Answer: magnesium metal Updates? Notice this a solution, and not a precipitate, is formed, implying that magnesium sulfate is soluble. The products of the reaction between magnesium and sulphuric acid depend on the concentration of the sulphuric acid. magnesium, zinc and iron) Metals which are above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to produce a salt and hydrogen. You can make magnesium sulfate-7-water in the laboratory by reacting magnesium oxide with dilute sulfuric acid. If instead phosphorus(III) oxide is reacted directly with sodium hydroxide solution, the same salts are possible: \[4NaOH + P_4O_6 + 2H_2O \rightarrow 4NaH_2PO_3\], \[9NaOH + P_4O_6 \rightarrow 4Na_2HPO_3 + 2H_2O\]. (a) Yes, magnesium 13. Reaction with water: Sodium oxide reacts exothermically with cold water to produce sodium hydroxide solution. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. This reaction This is a combination reaction. Iron powder particle size could be increased / surface area lessened; Another type of hand-warmer uses sodium thiosulfate. Aluminum oxide reacts with hot, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to produce a colorless solution of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate: \[Al_2O_3 + 2NaOH +3H_2O \rightarrow 2NaAl(OH)_4\]. Solutions of each of these acids with concentrations around 1 mol dm-3 have a pH of about 1. However, the pH of the resulting solution is about 9, indicating that hydroxide ions have been produced. The oxides: The oxides of interest are given below: The trend in acid-base behavior can be summarized as follows: Acidity increases from left to right, ranging from strongly basic oxides on the left to strongly acidic ones on the right, with an amphoteric oxide (aluminum oxide) in the middle. What did Roentgen discover about a cathode-ray beam striking a glass surface? What happen when magnesium ribbon is react with dilute hydrochloric acid in room temperature and warm Get the answers you need, now! Therefore, Ag2O is the positive electrode and oxidizing agent. This website uses cookies. In the reaction, Ag2O is reduced and it gains electrons. Knowledge of cis/trans or E/Z notation is not required, 4:27 describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine, to produce dibromoalkanes, 4:28 describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene, 4:29 (Triple only) know that alcohols contain the functional group OH, 4:30 (Triple only) understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for methanol, ethanol, propanol (propan-1-ol only) and butanol (butan-1-ol only), and name each compound, the names propanol and butanol are acceptable, 4:31 (Triple only) know that ethanol can be oxidised by: burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion), reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation), heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid, 4:32 (Triple only) know that ethanol can be manufactured by: 1) reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300C and a pressure of about 6070atm; and 2) the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30C and using the enzymes in yeast, 4:33 (Triple only) understand the reasons for fermentation, in the absence of air, and at an optimum temperature, 4:34 (Triple only) know that carboxylic acids contain the functional group -COOH, 4:35 (Triple only) understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for unbranched- chain carboxylic acids with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name each compound, 4:36 (Triple only) describe the reactions of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates, 4:37 (Triple only) know that vinegar is an aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid, 4:38 (Triple only) know that esters contain the functional group -COO-, 4:39 (Triple only) know that ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst, 4:40 (Triple only) understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of ethyl ethanoate, 4:41 (Triple only) understand how to write the structural and displayed formulae of an ester, given the name or formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which it is formed and vice versa, 4:42 (Triple only) know that esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes, 4:43 (Triple only) practical: prepare a sample of an ester such as ethyl ethanoate, 4:44 know that an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small molecules called monomers, 4:45 understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer, including poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) and (poly)tetrafluroethene, 4:45a understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer poly(ethene), 4:46 understand how to deduce the structure of a monomer from the repeat unit of an addition polymer and vice versa, 4:47 explain problems in the disposal of addition polymers, including: their inertness and inability to biodegrade, the production of toxic gases when they are burned, 4:48 (Triple only) know that condensation polymerisation, in which a dicarboxylic acid reacts with a diol, produces a polyester and water. It turns blue litmus red. Wear goggles, use a shield and stir the acid like mad while you add a little water at a time. WebReaction proceeds at room temperature. Concentration of HCl (M) 3.0: 2.0: 1.5: 1.0: 0.5: ?KZ97$;Z,|qNr That's the cation for acid concentrations ~1 M or less, but you have 96-98% H2SO4 which is more like 10M, and water is in short supply. Chlorine(I) oxide also reacts directly with sodium hydroxide to give the same product: \[2NaOH + Cl_2O \rightarrow 2NaOCl + H_2O\]. Why refined oil is cheaper than cold press oil? rev2023.5.1.43404. But there are two problems with this. For example, it reacts with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to give magnesium chloride solution. In another example of acidic silicon dioxide reacting with a base, the Blast Furnace extraction of iron, calcium oxide from limestone reacts with silicon dioxide to produce a liquid slag, calcium silicate: Two phosphorus oxides, phosphorus(III) oxide, P4O6, and phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, are considered here. 100% honest and reliable supplier , stable and safe delivery. Aluminum oxide reacts with hot dilute hydrochloric acid to give aluminum chloride solution. When magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid, magnesium sulphate solution and hydrogen gas are formed. The oxide ions are held too strongly in the solid lattice to react with the water. Harichakkvarthy Harichakkvarthy 20.08.2019 Chemistry Secondary School Chemical Reaction : Magnesium or Mg (solid) + dil. Sodium thiosulfate is very soluble in water at 80 C but is much less soluble at room temperature. It reacts with many metals (e.g., with zinc), releasing hydrogen gas, H2, and forming the sulfate of the metal. A concentrated solution of sodium oxide in water will have pH 14. Reaction with bases: Aluminum oxide also displays acidic properties, as shown in its reactions with bases such as sodium hydroxide. What does dilute sulfuric acid react with? Corresponding reactions with other acids such as hydrochloric acid also give the aquated Mg(II) ion. The reaction is shown below: Reaction with acids: Magnesium oxide reacts with acids as predicted for a simple metal oxide. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Magnesium is oxidized to magnesium sulphate, while sulphuric acid is reduced to sulphur dioxide gas. Then it's a matter of kinetics: getting the redox reaction to go reasonably fast and getting enough solubility of any passivating films that might form, which is where heating the acid comes in. Dilute sulphuric acid is strong oxidising agent. . The easiest way to see this reaction is to take a test tube of sulfuric acid and drop a small ribbon of magnesium into the clear liquid. Due to its affinity for water, pure anhydrous sulfuric acid does not exist in nature. (2 marks). The acid temperature only goes up about 23C if my calculation is correct. All those protons in solution would keep HSO4- from dissociating to makesulfate,SO4-2. Is "I didn't think it was serious" usually a good defence against "duty to rescue"? WebMagnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride and hydrogen. Chemical is Magnesium metal using dilute hydrochloric acid: Minerals dichloride and hydrogen gas are formed when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. When more magnesium is added, the reaction continues for a while and then stops, leaving some magnesium powder in the test tube. Solution. MgO + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O Magnesium oxide react with sulfuric acid to produce magnesium sulfate and water. []#{z\xTi{xy"K$?"1&U;)z'i-N.WV7x_)9^6wamFk\R5QZn&=~kKc5~H~$8_=}K9J_|=Eu8[PO?7/GO_/Fe=d~[zaajR.\Gz.-r)?zH/ YssYge#D^(JYj}nw+lu :0uh:*m.-xZ'Kkxzvub}V_NXSzXV-6nxJik]nEig&8>~29oZBdG;bkk-r_`=!vaLks;5EM[v}l[7f0]/FG/>Z~jg$lLZKXGZ-$Z%)6Om7c{=m+C-LG 13tDEufLwu }8[,8Vk Pukc^Y Omissions? Reaction of metals with dilute acids When a metal reacts with a dilute acid , a salt and hydrogen are formed. It reacts with water to some extent to give chloric(I) acid, \(HOCl^-\) also known as hypochlorous acid. The easiest way to see this reaction is to take a test tube of sulfuric acid and drop a small ribbon of magnesium into the clear liquid. Magnesium readily reacts with sulfuric acid and forms hydrogen gas bubbles and aqueous magnesium sulfate after the reactants are consumed. Of course, protons would like to form hydronium ion if there is enough water: H+ + H2O = H3O+. Reaction with acids: As a strong base, sodium oxide also reacts with acids. A really short answer is kinetics. This reaction is quite popular, and are one of the most widespread laboratory methods for obtaining hydrogen: if you add zinc granules to diluted sulfuric acid, the metal will dissolve with the release of gas: What happens when magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid? Why are palladium and platinum carbonyls unstable at room temperature? 3 Sulfur dioxide is released at the positive electrode. Knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required, 4:07 know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, 4:08 describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions, 4:09 know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen, 4:10 know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions, 4:11 know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy, 4:12 know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air, 4:13 understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen references to haemoglobin are not required, 4:14 know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen, 4:15 explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide, 4:16 understand how sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain, 4:17 describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600700C), 4:18 explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions, 4:19 know the general formula for alkanes, 4:20 explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons, 4:21 understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers, 4:22 describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required, 4:23 know that alkenes contain the functional group >C=C<, 4:24 know the general formula for alkenes, 4:25 explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons, 4:26 understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the unbranched-chain isomers. Copyright@Qingdao ECHEMI Digital Technology Co., Ltd. What happens when magnesium is added to sulphuric acid? `~A"eXzlT.b[c 3L#)N|=m,De\30Oyg>H,lS:4(_syZNWv c"N'M"&K#D]Gi}/q"h&}o{jW[uP10T 8mma +nY#UZ++K+Eo.n72_tT2TrC|V?c 4f (X{_w^/N4qcQggVI_fjZ]hU U@EXLaR0bwt ~sm py/1P} g yjKf$iiE~i%cHx{Uz TtUZ`8gncf#w0q*jome^ks$VNKLU#b+}_"x>;rA0(_5E*d( ct$;q}rfALp( 6P~`sbdc;`8!J4dD.DZ3!
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